Abstract—To improve the performance of conventional patch antennas, this paper presents the use of array strategy instead of single element. The proposed design is an array antenna with four T-shaped radiating elements optimized for on-body biomedical and 6G communication systems. The proposed design, implemented on a polyimide substrate with total size of 100×90×8 μm3, resonates at 3.77 THz, a frequency selected for its practical suitability in millimeter-scale communication links and high-resolution biomedical application. The proposed configuration also provides a clear improvement in radiation performance compared with a single-patch design. Owing to the array strategy, the antenna achieves higher gain, improved directivity, and better impedance matching while maintaining a miniaturized size. The structure achieved an S₁₁ of –44.14 dB, a VSWR of 1.02, a gain of 5.65 dB, and a directivity of 6.74 dB, outperforming many recently reported THz biomedical antennas of similar size. The T-shaped elements improve current distribution, while the array configuration increases gain and reduces impedance mismatch, offering a balanced solution that maintains compactness while enhancing efficiency. Performance trade-off analysis shows that although compactness slightly constrains bandwidth, the array configuration delivers substantial enhancements in gain and radiation efficiency, making it a strong candidate for future biomedical and 6G THz applications. All results were obtained using Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software.

Keywords—array antenna, biomedical applications, patch antenna, 6G, T-shaped, terahertz, on-body, wearable antenna, THz array


Cite: Siraj Younes, Foshi Jaouad, and Saidi Alaoui Kaoutar, “Design and Optimization of Array Patch Antenna for 6G and Biomedical Applications," Journal of Communications, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 274-283, 2026.


Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).