Home > Published Issues > 2025 > Volume 20, No. 5, 2025 >
JCM 2025 Vol.20(5): 523-535
Doi: 10.12720/jcm.20.5.523-535

Dense Convolutional Bidirectional Gated Network with Twin Attention Mechanism for Black Hole Attacks Detection in MANETs

Maithem Mohammed Ali Abdullah1, Hamid Ali Abed AL-Asadi1,*, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar1,2,3, and Vincent Omollo Nyangaresi4,5*
1Department of Computer Science, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Iraq
2Department of Business Management, Al-Imam University College, Iraq
3Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Institute, China
4Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Kenya
5Department of Applied Electronics, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India
Email: pgs.maithem.muhammad@uobasrah.edu.iq (M.M.A.); hamid.abed@uobasrah.edu.iq (H.A.A.); zaid.ameen@uobasrah.edu.iq (Z.A.A); vnyangaresi@jooust.ac.ke (V.O.N)
*Corresponding author

Manuscript received February 27, 2025; revised April 15, 2025; accepted June 9, 2025; published September 1, 2025.

Abstract—Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are potent technologies frequently used to collect data from their environments and disseminate it to other nodes or servers. Many cyber threats such as Denial of Service (DoS) attacks and black hole attacks are exposed to these networks because messages are exchanged over open public networks. These networks are vulnerable to attacks due to their decentralized and dynamic nature. In black hole attacks adversaries conceal their presence by redirecting traffic to incorrect points and dropping data packets. In this work a deep learning-based SA-DCBiGNet stands for Self-Attention– Dense Convolutional Bidirectional Gated Network with a twin attention mechanism is presented to protect MANETs as dynamic networks from blackhole attacks by detecting them. The performance of the model is tested in a python platform using the dataset of the WSN-DS IoT. The findings indicate that this solution incurs accuracy, precision, F1−Score, recall and of 99.70%, 99.00%, 99.02% and 98.3% respectively.


Keywords—deep learning, black hole, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSRP), Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET), dense net


Cite: Maithem Mohammed Ali Abdullah, Hamid Ali Abed AL-Asadi, Zaid Ameen Abduljabbar, and Vincent Omollo Nyangaresi, “Dense Convolutional Bidirectional Gated Network with Twin Attention Mechanism for Black Hole Attacks Detection in MANETs," Journal of Communications, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 523-535, 2025.


Copyright © 2025 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).

Article Metrics in Dimensions